ABSTRACT:
In this article, we will discuss about the genetically modified microorganisms. We will describe the formation of genetically modified microorganisms, their applications in the different microorganisms. These microorganisms have several applications such as bioremediation, degradation, textile industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc. Transformation, conjugation and electroporation are the some methods of synthesis of modified organisms. We will also provide related references to learn and acknowledge about genetically modified microorganisms.
INTRODUCTION-GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS:
In the field of biotechnology, genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) are a cutting-edge technique with enormous promise for a variety of applications. From environmental cleanup to pharmaceutical manufacturing, GMMs provide a diverse platform for altering biological systems to accomplish desired results. In this article, we look at the origins, methods, and many uses of genetically engineered microbes.
SYNTHESIS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS:
GMMs created by introducing foreign genetic material into microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungus in order to change their features or behavior. This genetic alteration may accomplished via a variety of approaches. Gene Cloning: is the process of extracting a specific gene of interest and introducing it into a host microorganism’s genome. This procedure frequently aided by molecular biology tools such as restriction enzymes and DNA ligases. Advanced gene-editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, allow scientists to accurately adjust the genetic composition of microbes by adding, deleting, or modifying particular DNA sequences. Transgenic technology involves transferring genes from one species to another, allowing microorganisms to develop new features or capabilities.
MECHANISMS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS:
After being genetically changed, microbes can demonstrate a variety of pathways that drive their altered behavior or function. Some of the important mechanisms are:
Metabolic Engineering: GMMs may be programmed to manufacture useful substances via metabolic pathways. Microorganisms can effectively transform low-cost substrates into high-value products like biofuels, medicines, and specialized chemicals by adding or improving certain enzymes. Bioremediation: Environmental cleanup operations use genetically engineered bacteria and fungi to breakdown pollutants and poisons. These bacteria may metabolize pollutants, converting them into harmless metabolites that contribute in the cleanup of polluted soil, water, and air. Biocontrol: GMMs are used in agriculture to control plant infections and pests. Farmers can lessen their dependency on chemical pesticides by developing microbes with antagonistic characteristics or insecticidal proteins, therefore fostering sustainable and environmentally friendly pest control approaches.
APPLICATIONS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS:
GMMs’ adaptability has resulted in broad application in a variety of sectors. Some prominent uses are:
Industrial Biotechnology: GMMs are the workhorses of industrial biotechnology, driving the manufacture of biobased chemicals, enzymes, and medicines. Their capacity to convert renewable feedstocks into valued goods provides a more sustainable alternative to typical industrial techniques. Healthcare: Therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and antibiotics are produced using genetically engineered bacteria and yeast. These GMM-derived medications are essential for treating a variety of disorders and enhancing public health outcomes. Environmental Remediation: Bioremediation programs use GMMs to reduce pollutants and restore ecosystems. Whether cleaning up oil spills, degrading contaminants in wastewater, or detoxifying polluted locations, genetically modified microbes provide a cost-effective and ecologically benign answer to environmental issues.
CONCLUSION:
Genetically modified microbes are an effective technique for using the potential of biological systems to address a wide range of social concerns. Scientists are continuing to push the boundaries of GMM applications by harnessing developments in genetic engineering and biotechnology, paving the door for long-term solutions in healthcare, industry, agriculture, and environmental stewardship.
REFERENCES:
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Nielsen, J., & Keasling, J. D. (2016). Engineering cellular metabolism. Cell, 164(6), 1185-1197. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967285/
Mukherjee, K., & Jayaram, C. (2019). Bioremediation and its applications in wastewater treatment: A review study. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(2), 1402-1410. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364196212_A_mini-review_on_wastewater_treatment_through_bioremediation_towards_enhanced_field_applications_of_the_technology
Saini, R., & Dudeja, S. S. (2017). Unraveling the role of microbial community diversity in soil health. In Microbial diversity in the genomic era (pp. 257-276). Academic Press. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12057676/
